XXVI INTRODUCTION. Lakes. Rivers. is now reduced to a dozen caldrons of boiling water. The geysir which Henderson saw in the crater of Krafla plays no longer; and its place is occupied by a still green pool of cold water. Some further instances will be adduced in the course of the narrative. Numerous lakes, either single or in groups, are scattered over the surface of the country. The largest are Thingvalla-, My-, and Hvitar-votn; the principal groups are those of the Arnar- vatn-heithi, and those at the foot of the Skapta, the remains of a considerable lake which existed previous to the great erup- tion of 1783. Myvatn was formerly considered the largest lake in the island, and so it may have been till it was nearly filled and dried up by the influx of lava from Krafla in 1724-1730. Thingvalla-vatn is now the most considerable sheet of water—it is ten miles long and between four and five miles wide. The contorted shape and irregularities of outline in Myvatn preclude one from giving any correct account of its dimensions. The Lagarfljot, in the east, is thirty miles long, but its width is only from half a mile to a mile and a quarter. On the Arnarvatn- heithi, Gunnlaugson marks fifty-three lakes ; but, from what I saw there, I am satisfied that not a fifth of those actually exist- ing appear on the map, which, with regard to that district, is somewhat inaccurate. The rivers of Iceland are both numerous and large. The Jokulsa is the longest—it rises in the Yatna jokull, receives a tributary from Herthubreith, and, after a course of 125 miles, reaches the sea in the Axa-fjord, having passed exactly ten houses in its way, and having plunged into a chasm in a water- fall, the like of which is not to be seen in Europe. Other fine rivers are the Thjorsa, Skjalfandafljot, Hvita, and Jokulsa a bru. A very curious phenomenon is the broad short river which is found in the south of Yatna jokull. In that portion of the island violent torrents, a couple of miles wide, and only eight or ten from their source to the sea, whirl down with frightful velocity, carrying with them masses of ice dislodged from the glaciers which are their feeders, and volumes of sand from the volcanic mountains which they drain. In passing Icelandic rivers, the traveller trusts either to his horse or to a ferry. The ponies swim well; but if the current be too strong there is considerable danger of their not being able to carry their rider across. Fords are continually shifting; and it is of the utmost importance for a stranger to secure a guide from a neigh- bouring farm, before venturing into the river. The beds are, in

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