A SUMMER IN ICELAND. 29 not likely to spread, as they carried no women, but they left traces of their occupation in their cells and church furniture. The simple story told by Dicuil is eminently suggestive. Thus Thule became, probably for a second time, one of the “ Britannise,” the Isles of Britain; and we may consider the discovery a rediscovery, like the central African lakes, whence Ptolemy derived the Nile. When the rude barks of the eighth century could habitually ply between Ireland and Iceland, we cannot reject as unfit the Roman galleys, or even the Phoenico- Carthaginian fleets. The Periplus of Himilco was not more peril- ous than the Periplus of Hanno, and the Portuguese frequented the northern seas long before they had doubled Cape Horn. Berg- Danes of Dublin, plundered Armagh, but he spared the churches and Colidcei. It appears from Lanigan and other authorities that the Culdees were not, strictly speaking, monks, neither were they members of the parochial clergy, but were a description of secular priests called * secular canons,’ and attached to cathedrals or collegiate churches termed prebendaries; and although bound by rules peculiar to themselves, they belonged to the secular clergy, and are to be distinguished from the canons regular, or communities of monks, who sprang up at a much later period, and officiated in the chapters of cathedral churches. The Culdees also sang in the choir, lived in community, and had a superior called 4 Prior of the Culdees,’ who acted as precentor or chief chanter. The principal institution of the Culdees was at Armagh, and, according to Usher and others, there were Culdees in all the chief churches of Ulster; and some of them continued at Armagh down to the middle of the seventeenth century. The Culdees had priories and lands in various parts of Ireland, particularly at Devenish Island, in Fermanagh, and at Clones, in Monaghan, both in the diocese of Clogher; also at Ardbraccan in Meath : and G. Cambrensis gives an account of the Colidsei who lived on an island in a lake in North Munster, which island was called by the Irish Inis na mbeo, or the ‘ Island of the Living’ (or of cattle ?), from a tradition that no person ever died on it; it was afterwards called Mona Incha, and was situated about three miles from Roscrea, in the bog of Monela, in Tipperary. In the time of G. Cambrensis this island was a celebrated place of pilgrimage; and their residence was afterwards removed to Corbally, a place near the lake, where the Culdees became canons regular of St Augustine. Though the Irish Culdees were generally clergymen, yet some pious unmarried laymen joined their communities. There were also Culdees in Britain, particularly in the North of England, in the city of York, where they had a great establishment called the Hospital of St Leonard, and were secular canons of St Peter’s Cathedral, as mentioned in Dugdale’s Monasticon; and got some grants of lands in a.d. 936, during the reign of Athelstan, and continued at York at least down to the time of Pope Adrian IV., who confirmed them in their possessions. We also read in the 4 Annals,’ under a.d. 1479, that Pearce, son of Nicholas O’Flanagan, who was a canon of the chapter of Clogher, a parson, and a prior of the Ceile De, a sacristan of Devenish, and an official of Loch Erne (vicar-general of Clogher), a man distinguished for his benevolence, piety, great hospi- tality, and humanity, died after having gained the victory over the world and the devil. It would appear by the Annals of the Four Masters that Culdees were found in Ireland in a.d. 1601:4 O’Donnell having received intelligence that the English had come to that place (Boyle), was greatly grieved at the profanation of the monastery, and that the English should occupy and inhabit it in the place of the Mic Beathaidh (monks) and Culdees, whose rightful residence it was till then, and it was not becoming him not to go to relieve them if he possibly could.’ At the Reformation, a little later, out of 563 monasteries in Ireland‘mentioned by Ware, and also in Archdale’s Monasticon, it would appear that there was one belonging to the Culdees, viz., the Priory of Culdees at Armagh. See also Dr Jamieson’s History of the Culdees, 4to, Edin. ; Maccatheus’s History of the Culdees, 12mo, Edin. 1855 ; and Keith’s Catalogue of Scottish Bishops, new edition.”

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(413) Rear Flyleaf
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(417) Spine
(418) Fore Edge
(419) Scale
(420) Color Palette