48 ULTIMA THULE; OK, generated by the violent ejections of the crater, showed them- selves in lightnings, flashing with a dry and hissing sound from the great trunk of smoke and ashes; and, finally, that an earth- quake might at any moment shake Naples to its foundation. This abnormal electricity may explain the meteorological pecu- liarities of the spring of 1872, even in England, where May behaved itself with the leonine violence of March. The great Pacific earthquake (August 1867) and the tremendous and unusual storm which simultaneously visited the eastern coast of South America, to quote no other instances, showed that, whilst similar effects usually are of limited extent 'upon solid ground, they stretch to great distances at sea, and they may influence the atmosphere in the furthest regions of the world. Though we may accept only as provisional the geological theory which places volcanoes upon fissures or solutions of continuity in the earth’s surface,1 we must remember that on October 17, 1755, a fortnight before the earthquake which shook down Lisbon, the Kotlu-gja. fissure began the terrible eruptions that lasted for a year: at the same time the waters of Loch Ness were agitated; the British Isles were rocked by repeated oscillations, and shocks extended to Asia and to America. Again, in 1783, the Upper Calabrian earthquake (February 5 and 7, and March 28) was closely followed by the fearful phenomena of the Skaptarjokull.2 Thus Nature appeared to have made in the summer of 1872 every possible arrangement for a grand pyrotechnic display; yet the author can positively assert that during the whole of his stay in Iceland not one of the twenty-seven to thirty great vents showed a symptom of activity. Indeed, only one was ever re- ported to be in existence, and that one has never been visited. 1 The late Professor Forbes was the first to show that Iceland, the Fseroes, the Hebrides, Ireland, and Iberia, are connected by a “continous tract of land, rang- ing from the Azores along the line of that belt of gulf-weed which exists between N. lat. 15° and 45°. ” 2 This eruption is reported to have discharged a mass of lava greater in bulk than Mount Etna. According to Henderson (i. 274-289, who borrows from the account of Chief-Justice Stephensen), it destroyed 9336 human beings, 28,000 horses, 11,461 head of cattle, and 190,488 sheep. This mortality resulted either directly from the ejection of molten lava and stone showers, debacles and aqueous lavas; or from pestilence, the effect of sulphureous and other noxious vapours; or from famine, the fish leaving the coast, and the pasturage being destroyed by erupted sand and ashes.

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(417) Spine
(418) Fore Edge
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