Kerguelen’s voyage to the north. 770 end of this provoftlhip is a mountain with feven points, very highly elevated, and which are diftinguilhable twenty leagues from fhore. The inhabitants are principally engaged in the filhery, as well as thofe of Finmark, Finmark is divided into eaftern and weftern. The firft part includes the mountain called Nord Kin, ten Danifh miles from the North Cape, at the extremity of the mainland; it comprehends the ille of Wardoe as well, fituated about an Englilh mile from fhore: betide a port of this ifland is the town of Wardhus, which is the mod northerly fortrefs in the world. The fecond part of Finmark, the weftern, comprizes the ifle of Mageroe, in which is the moft northern, mountain of Europe, called the North Cape. On all thefe fhores, ports, or excellent anchorage, is met with. It feems as if nature took pleafure in forming retreats of greateft fecurity in the moft frightful quarters of the univerfe, and in the moft ungenial climes; any veffel, tempeft toft, which fliould be under the neceflity of making for the coaft, is every where fecure of an afylum whatever wind may blow. The reader has to be informed that every filherman is a pilot, and that they proceed two leagues out to fea to pilot a veffel, however high the wind may be. It is further to be under- ftood, that notwithftanding thefe coafts have a moft tremendous apppearance, they are much lefs dangerous than they feem, on account of all the peril being vifible and navi- gation fafe every where except where there are breakers feen. What I have mentioned of the coafts and inhabitants of Nordland and Finmark may be faid of the coafts and neighbouring nations, all of whom trade in tallow, butter, oil, fifli, and wood; they follow the fame mode of living, and are far from being fo cowardly as fome authors have reported. On the contrary, all thefe people are brave. Oftentimes they have been feen to wait fteadily for the familhed bear advancing to feize them : others, with- out any other weapon than a knife, purfue thefe animals at the rifk of being ftrangled and torn to pieces, which frequently happens. Detailed accounts of the Laplanders and Samoiedes are not wanting, but they agree in fo few points, that the reader is at a lofs what to believe ; add to this, they are fo much encumbered with childilh fables, that I confider it to be obliging the public by undeceiving it on thofe matters, falfe or doubtful, which relate to thefe favages. The particulars I am about to detail were afforded by a learned man, who has made feveral voyages to Archangel, and who tranflatedfor me into Latin, all the obfervations which he had written in German. Nothing is fo important for the natural hiftory of mankind, as to obtain exa£t acquaintance with thefe northern nations, in which is ftill to be traced the original character of man in his primitive ftate of nature; whence may be calculated the progrefs of inftruftion and the value of fociety. Many journals of voyages to Ruffia, and above all, the obfervations on the Samoiedes, publilhed at Peterfburg in 1732, fix the earlieft eftablilhment of thefe people in the neighbourhood of Archangel. On the contrary, it is a fa£t that they are not to be met with nearer than three hundred werfts, or two hundred and ten miles Englilh from this town ; what gave rife to this error was the circumftance of fome Samoiedes bring- ing filh, oil, and merchandize to Archangel for the account of different merchants, who maintain them as well as their rein-deer; this all'o has induced others to affert, that the filhery for feals and fea-calves upon the coafts of the White Sea, from which oil is extrafted, is carried on by Laplanders and Samoiedes inhabiting the fhores of that fea. This affertion is devoid of truth. The Ruffians alone carry on that laborious and dangerous filhery ; neither Laplanders or Samoiedes ever inhabited the banks of the White Sea. Their firft habitations which are not ftationary, are found on the diftrift of Mezene, beyond the rivers of that name. This colony confifts of three hundred fa- milies, all of which are defcended from two different tribes; one of which is called Laghe, 2 and

(1) Band
(2) Band
(3) Saurblað
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(21) Mynd
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(75) Blaðsíða 803
(76) Blaðsíða 804
(77) Saurblað
(78) Saurblað
(79) Band
(80) Band
(81) Kjölur
(82) Framsnið
(83) Kvarði
(84) Litaspjald