8 How the “ Mastiffs ” went to Iceland. to this, gd. a year is paid for a sheep’s grazing, and some adjusted annual stipend,—I heard, but I forget what,—for a cow or an ox. But I heard also that the whole rental of the island is about ^80 per annum, much more than which, if the things could be put at their proper value, is given back in charity. The pastor, whose life here is certainly not to be envied, and who acts as schoolmaster as well as minister, receives ^80 per annum from the Scotch Free Church. That also is to be counted among the charities bestowed upon the island, and is bestowed at the cost of great necessary deterioration in the energy and intellectual capacity of the clergyman selected for the purpose. That it should be otherwise is impossible. There is but one person in the island, but himself, a married woman, who can speak a word of English. No books can reach him; hardly a newspaper. To him can come none of that light which we all receive from intellectual conversation. Surely ^80 on the mainland would go much farther, both for the good of the minister and for that of those receiving his ministration. We were told that some former MacLeod had bought the island for some round sum,—and as I have seen ^3,000 mentioned in a published work as that given, I may repeat the figures. In return for this, he has upon his shoulders and on those of his sister, the onerous task of sustaining by his private means the existence of the community and of relieving their wants. As for the f8o, we may say that it goes a very short way in reimbursing him. It is good to find a man who will do this, but it is not good to have a state of things in which such doing is necessary. There are between seventy and eighty inhabitants on the island, of whom, among the adults, the female outnumber the male by nearly two to one. This, of course, comes from the fact that the young men can leave the harshness of such a life much more easily than the young women. I was told that at the present moment there were two marriageable young men at St. Kilda, and twelve marriageable, but unmarried, females. Nothing can be more detrimental to a community than such a state of things, unless it be the constant inter- marrying of near relations, which must be the result of a few families living

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