46 THE NORTH ATLANTIC TELEGRAPH. in with strong cement, no danger is to be apprehended from this kind of ice. It only forms in calm weather, during at the most four months of the year, generally but in January and February; some fiords more open to the sea seldom or never freeze. 2nd. The floe, or Spitzbergen ice, which is formed around the coasts of Spitzbergen and North-east Greenland during the winter. This ice attains a thickness which allows it to float above the water about 2 to 6 feet. From its great quantity, and size of its flat masses, it causes the principal impediment to navigation ; but as it draws at most but about 20 feet, it can never injure the cable when once laid at the bottom of the sea. 3rd. The icebergs, majestic floating islands of ice, as extra- ordinary in their vast size as they are picturesque in their shapes and appearance. This ice differs from the two former in being produced on land, whilst the others are products of the sea. They are in fact portions of the continental ice, which owes its origin solely to the snow and rain falling upon the country. The icebergs are formed by the continental ice shooting out arms or glaciers into the fiords. The ice, owing to some cause not yet properly understood, has a very slow motion from the interior outwards towards the sea-coast; when, therefore, it projects itself by these arms or glaciers into the sea, it breaks off either by its own weight, or owing to the rifts which may be seen in the glacier; and with a noise equalling sometimes the discharge of a broadside, the iceberg is launched, which, after rolling and plunging, at last recovers its equi- librium, and floats away with its brethren out of the fiord and up the Davis Strait. The greater portion and the largest of these icebergs owe their origin to the glaciers of Spitzbergen and the north-eastern part of Greenland ; those formed on the south-west of Green- land being icebergs of smaller dimensions and comparatively few in number, the reason of which may be seen by inspecting

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