SPEECH OP COL. SHAFFNER AT GLASGOW. 21 There are other traders here, and there is quite a large population upon the coast during the summer months, engaged in fishing. Having completed my observations at Hamilton Inlet, and being satisfied that a cable could be carried into it from the sea, in water sufficiently deep to lie in safety from the reach of icebergs, we then proceeded to take the deep sea soundings across the strait to the coast of GREENLAND. The greatest depth of water in the strait was found to be 2090 fathoms, and the bottom was soft mud. We made the west coast of Greenland about Cape Desolation, and then navigated north to the great ice glacier north of Fredericksliaab. Not having any charts, we were unable to make any particular place. We made repeated efforts to find some port, and we hoped the Esquimaux would come to the vessel, and pilot it to a harbour. In this we were disappointed. We then sailed south, intending to make Lichtenau, supposing that to be the principal place on the south-west coast of Greenland. We arrived off that place, and navigated back and forth, in and out, but we could not find any appearance of habitation. The weather was beautiful, and the coast being free from ice, it was more like a voyage of pleasure. After tacking along the coast, looking into the fiords, examining the isles, and studying the currents of the seas, until we had almost abandoned seeing any person or finding any place, an Esquimaux was seen in the distance, coming to us in a kayak. We were then full of joy, and had fresh hopes for doing some work for the tele- graph. We took the Esquimaux on board, and went into Kaksimiut harbour, latitude 60° 47', longitude 47° 8'. From Kaksimiut we went to Julianshaab in seal-skin boats. Here we were most hospitably received and entertained. There are about 350 people at this place, mostly Esquimaux. There are many fiords or bays on this coast, and they penetrate into the interior 10, 20, and 40 miles. They are from a mile to ten miles wide, and generally very deep. Icebergs are sometimes blown into them, but they never ground, except on the shoal sides. These deep valleys seem to run meandering from the sea, and a cable would have to be laid in their crooked trenches to avoid inter- ruption from icebergs that might be blown into the fiords. The mountains are high, and mostly barren, though we saw upon many of them grass, blue-berry bushes, and some willow-trees. Upon some of the mountains, which we supposed were about 4000 feet high, we saw patches of snow or ice. These high mountains appeared to be barren rocks, and at their bases there were many loose stones, which seem to have broken and fallen from the

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