Jonas Hallgrimsson, the Heinrich von Heine of Iceland, and finally Matthias Jochumsson. Economic and political liberation progressed hand in hand. The dissolution of the trade monopoly and the gradual acquisition of ocean-going fishing vessels laid the foundation for a fast-expanding economy that changed the old, primitive society into a modem welfare state within the course of a few generations. Poetry and Song The economic expansion led to increased contact with the in the Freedom rest of the world, even in cultural matters. Poetry was the Movement forerunner and precedent for each step forward. Although poets retained their traditional skills with rhyming and other devices, they began to be influenced by the Scandinavian and continental poets. The poems portray stricken Iceland as the land of dreams and freedom (often likened to a woman) and thus urge the people, either openly or covertly, to fight against the Danish colonial empire, arraigning those who remained passive. This literature was by no means exclusive, reserved for an educated elite. On the contrary, it spread to the whole population, who were by tradition used to hearing tales and poetry. As a result, music came to play a very important role. During the nineteenth century, the nationalistic poems, for example by the popular Jonas Hallgrimsson who worked as a poet and scientist in Copenhagen, began to be spread as “folk songs”. Strangely enough the melodies were not of Icelandic origin (the Icelandic tradition was looked down upon), but came from Denmark and Germany and had a completely different metre and tonality. As the standard of living im- proved towards the end of the nineteenth century, a middle class emerged that acquired continental or at least Danish customs. The piano began to make its appearance in the home and female piano teachers, who had been to Denmark, gave lessons and supplied news from the musical world at large. The idyllic Danish, Norwegian, Swedish and German melodies of the period were sung at home. One can perhaps regard these events as somewhat contradictory. While the literature of the period emphasized the nationalistic Icelandic elements and managed to preserve much of the traditional patterns, the development in the field of music meant the 20

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