Anh-Dao Tran In mathematics, the students found the most difficulty in understanding word problems. Because of language deficiency, they could not interpret the information being given to them and understand what the problems involved, so they could not apply the theo- ries, formulas etc., that they had learned to solve them. In natural sciences, new science concepts proved challenging to them because of the lack of knowledge of basic Icelandic. Learning Icelandic is a particularly difficult task for many Asian students because of the great differences between the 5 languages that are spoken by the interviewees (Taga- log, Cebuano, Japanese, Thai and Vietnam- ese) which are tonal languages, and Icelan- dic which is an inflectional grammar lan- guage. According to Wikipedia Encyclopedia-. Icelandic (íslenska) is a North Germanic language spoken in Iceland. It is an inflected language with four cases: nominative, accusa- tive, dative and genitive... While most Western European languages have reduced greatly the extent of inflection, particularly in noun declension, Icelandic retains an inflectional grammar comparable to that of Latin, Ancient Greek, or more closely, Old Norse and Old English.... Many German speakers will find Icelandic morphology familiar. Almost every morphological category in one language is represented in the other. Nouns are declined for case, number and gender, adjectives for case, number, gender and comparison, and there are two declensions for adjectives, weak and strong. Icelandic possesses only the defi- nite article, which can stand on its own or be attached to its modified noun (as in other North Germanic languages). Verbs are conju- gated for tense, mood, person, number and voice. There are three voices: active, passive and medial; but it may be debated whether the medial voice is a voice or simply an independ- ent class of verbs of its own. There are only two simple tenses, past and present, but to make up for that there are a number of auxil- iary constructions, some of which may be regarded as tenses, others as aspects to vary- ing degrees. Tonal languages have very different charac- teristics. In An Introduction to Tonal Languages these languages are said to: ...use pitch to signal a difference in meaning between words (Avery, 77). These pitch varia- tions are an important part of the language, just as stress and proper word order are in any language. In these languages, word meanings or grammatical categories such as tense are dependent on pitch level. (Crystal, 353). Because of the extreme differences in the ways these languages are structured, it takes Asian students much longer to learn Icelan- dic than students whose mother tongue is German or some other Indo-European lan- guages. Therefore, it is also understandable that Asian students who are in the process of learning and internalizing the language structure of Icelandic, would also have diffi- culties learning English and other languages alike at the same time. 202 Delta Kappa Gamma - 30 ára afmælisrit

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