APPENDIX. 255 the ancient prerogatives of the nobles. The first half of the reign of Knud’s brother and successor Valdemar II., Sejr (the victor) was an almost unbroken period of conquest and prosperity. Valdemar was invested by the Emperor Frederick with Holstein, Lauenburg, Schwerin, and other north German provinces which he had con- quered, while the Pope granted him supremacy over all heathen lands that he might subdue. Through the rising influence of the Dominicans, the ecclesiastical laws were enforced against the in- creased laxity of the lives of the clergy. In 1223, Valdemar and his eldest son, and elected successor, were surprised by Count Henry of Schwerin, while hunting on the uninhabited islet Lyo near Fyen, and carried captive to Germany by their vindictive vassal, who kept them three years in close confinement. Their release was bought with a heavy ransom. In their absence German princes had thrown off the Danish yoke, the kingdom was plunged in anarchy, and thenceforth Valdemar’s reign was marked by futile attempts to recover his lost conquests, and redeem the glory of Denmark, but it is honourably distinguished by the codification of settled laws for the various provinces, a labour in which Valdemar took an active part. Some of these codes, as that of Jutland, remained in force 450 years. 1241-—1340.—Erik, “Plougmoney,” Abel, and Christopher I., sons of Valdemar Sejr by his second queen, Berangaria of Portugal, who succeeded him, inherited the violent nature ascribed by the people to this much-hated princess. Civil war prevailed under all three ; and while Erik was murdered in 1251 by order of his brother Abel, and the latter, two years later, was slain by a Frisian peasant during an incursion into the lands of the Ditmarshers, Christopher, after a short and ignominious reign, was poisoned.while receiving the Eucharist. Under Christopher, Church and State were for the first time in antagonism in Denmark, and at his death, in 1259, the kingdom was lying under an interdict, which was only removed fourteen years later, when Christopher’s son and successor, Erik dipping, made submission to the Church, and reinstated the de- posed primate, Erlandsen, in all his rights. During the minority and subsequent reign of Erik dipping, the terms on which the dukedom of Slesvig was held by the heirs of king Abel formed a constant source of dissension. His murder in 1286 led to the re- petition of a stormy minority during the childhood of his son and

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