APPENDIX. 259 favoured the Reformers; encouraged learning; established free schools for the poor; and passed various beneficent laws, as, for instance, for the protection of serfs, the punishment of wreckers, the observance of legally established weights and measures, &c. 1523—1533*—Frederik I., who had to secure his election by con- firming all pre-existing prerogatives of the nobles and clergy, and by pledging himself to leave heretics to be punished by the Church, soon gave his support to the Reformers, whose party so rapidly gained in strength, that they were able in a Synod held in Copen- hagen, in 1530, to establish Articles of Belief for the National Church, by which the doctrines of Luther virtually superseded the old faith. The nobles had no cause to complain of his neglect of their interests, for he restored to them the sovereign authority over their serfs, which his predecessor had abrogated, and thenceforth, for 300 years, the Danish peasant was a slave on the land where he was born. 1533—1536.—For three years after the death of Frederik, Den- mark and Norway were torn by civil war between the nobles and the partisans of the imprisoned Christian II., supported by the Romish clergy, and by the Hansers, who were jealous of the trade privileges granted by the former king to the Hollanders. This conflict has derived the name of the “Counts’ Feud,” from Chris- topher of Oldenburg, a cousin of Christian, who placed himself at the head of the movement. Under him a seaman, known as Skipper Clement, excited the peasants in Jutland to rise against the nobles, who had to sustain a sanguinary struggle with their exasperated foes before they could reduce them to submission. While this conflict was threatening the dissolution of the State, the Danish Reformers were working zealously for their cause, and to this period belongs the earliest publication of the Scriptures in the common tongue. 1536—1559.—Christian III. had been indebted to the Lybeckers for help, which enabled him on the death of his father, Frederik I., to support the nobles against the peasant insurgents, and thus secured his subsequent election. Under Christian III. the Lutheran faith was established in Denmark; the Romish clergy were for a time treated with extreme harshness, and the church property confiscated : some of this the king endeavoured to appropriate to purposes of charity and education, but the nobles contrived to possess them- selves of the greater part, on the plea that these lands had in times past been owned by their ancestors. This accession of wealth S 2

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