PEOPLE AND CLIMATE. 51 skirt also embroidered down the front. The head-dress, worn at the same time, is known as the ‘Faldr,’ and is a high white cap, fixed within a golden or silver coronet, which encircles the brow of the wearer. A long white lace veil is usually worn with the cap. The population of the island at the present time is said to be 72,000 ; over nine-tenths of whom gain their living by breeding sheep and ponies, and by fishing. The sole care of these pastoral farmers is to garner in as much hay as possible ; as upon the greater or lesser quantity secured depends the number of breeding stock he will be able to keep through the winter. There are no agricultural farmers or arable land, but a small patch of swede- turnips and potatoes will be found close adjacent to most of the best farms. The priest is invariably a farmer, and he usually owns the best grass-land in the district. The farmer on the coast is always a sea fisherman as well as a breeder of sheep and ponies. A few lines must be devoted to the Icelander’s dwelling. Timber, having to be imported, is dear, and difficult to transport; therefore the Icelander makes use of as little as possible in building himself a house. With less than a dozen exceptions, all the better class farm-houses, whose interiors the author ventured to explore during his rambles in the wilds of ‘Thule,’ were built on the following plan. A long, low, dark passage, with walls built of rough slabs of lava bedded in turfs by way of mortar, runs from front to back the whole length of the house, a distance varying from fifty to eighty feet, on each side of which at the rear of the two front rooms, which are lighted by windows, are from two to four cave-like apartments, built wholly of the same rude materials as the walls of the passage, lighted only by a hole in the roof, which also serves as chimney, and what little light the doorways admit from the gloomy passage. These back rooms are utterly destitute of wainscot or plaster, and also the passage; which invariably terminates at the entrance to a large apartment quite at the rear of the premises, called the ‘ Ba’Sstofa ’ ; wherein the farmer, his family, and farm servants of both sexes, not only take their meals together, but all sleep in bunks ranged round the walls, similar to what one sees in the steerage of an emigrant ship. The two front rooms are frequently not only very comfortable wainscotted apart- ments, but are also fairly well furnished with a sofa, chairs, and other articles. These rooms are seldom used by the farmer and his family, save when festivities take place ; being reserved for the accommodation of guests ; and are always placed wholly at

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