10 THE NORTH ATLANTIC TELEGRAPH. expense, for the express purpose of promoting oceanic telegraphy. At that time the state of science permitted the opinion that a sub- aqueous conductor would successfully work across the ocean with an electric circuit of any length. Soon thereafter, the phenomena of “ retardation ” and “ return ” currents were manifested, and their developments were promulgated by Professor Faraday, of the Royal Institute, London. It then became a known fact, that an electric current had to contend against resisting forces when transmitted through submarine conductors, not common to air-line telegraphs, and that the opposing forces became, ultimately, so powerful that the currents of electricity could not be made subservient to telegraphic manipulation. In order to transmit a current of electricity two thou- sand miles, under water, for practical telegraphic purposes, additional discoveries or inventions will have to be made. I will not say that these discoveries or inventions will never be accomplished; but I do say that there is no fact now known, which justifies the opinion that a line from Newfoundland to Ireland can be worked practically for commercial telegraphing. With a knowledge of these facts, in 1854, I proceeded to Denmark, and obtained a Royal Concession for the exclusive rights over Greenland, Iceland, and the Faroe Isles—for the term of one hundred years—for a telegraph to con- nect Europe with America. In 1855, I obtained co-operative concessions from the kingdoms of Norway and Sweden, both of which Governments have constructed their lines to meet the requirements of the proposed North Atlantic Telegraph. These concessions I have the honour to hold, and their fulfilment, as a preliminary, is the object of the present expedition. It is my purpose to sail along the east coast of Labrador to lati- tude 56° north, examining the bays; thence the vessel will proceed to South Greenland, where the proper places will be determined upon for landing the cable. It is possible that a part of Greenland will be traversed by an underground line, though it may be found best to land the cable and embark again from the same place. From Greenland the vessel will sail for Iceland, where like examinations will be instituted. From Iceland thence to the Faroe Isles and to North Scotland, landing at Glasgow as the end of the voyage. Along the coasts of Labrador, Greenland, Iceland, and the Faroe Isles, and in the deep seas between them, soundings will be taken, so that the depths of the respective sections may be known. Such are the objects and purposes of the present expedition, and I confide in the ruling of Providence that the mission may be crowned with success. For a sum not exceeding one million and a half of dollars, the two continents can be telegraphically connected via, Greenland, with a cable which can be successfully worked for commercial

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