56 and to those who love the good old-fashioned Yorkshire dialect of former days and desire to dip deep into its history, for it has been stated that, roughly speaking, at least three-fourths of our Yorkshire words may be traced directly or in directly to a home across the wild North Sea. It is impossible to say when these Norse adventurers lirst began their incursions into our country. Long before 866 ruthless Vikings made inroads upon us, and of the successive waves of conquerors —Saxon, Dane, and Norman—which swept over the country for six centuries, none have so indelibly left their mark as these. Freeman shows how the invasions may be divided into three periods—simple plunder, period of settle- ment, political conquest. Terrible, indeed, were the ravages of these ferocious sea-rovers during the first period. Loosing from the far north and the opposite shores of the sea in the early spring, they sped across in the long ships, with big main- sails spread, like falcons swooping on their prey, and our river offered unusual facilities for landing. Of dread portent was the hoisting on our shores of (what is still the Icelandic emblem) the Raven Banner, surnamed the “ Landwaster ”— “ For there Was shedding of blood, and rending of hair, Rape of maiden, and slaughter of priest, Gathering of ravens and wolves to the feast.” A hundred years after, these savage marauders had become transformed into peaceful tillers of the soil, and the multitudes of lands named after their old homes, in our own district and Lincoln- shire, prove the thoroughness and permanence of their occupation—words which, after the far reaching event, the Norman Conquest, were forced by the prevailing court influence upon the language of the State, and which were so universally adopted by the aristocracy of the country scarcely touched the old homely language of the Yorkshireman. For instance, “ Noo ah’s kom heem ageean,” this is no vulgar pronunciation of standard English, but is really a correct Norse form of words handed down from father to son through ten centuries ; while the classical English equivalent is so far a deviation from its Norse original. Morris has well said—“The old traditional tongue of the Yorkshire folk might be traced

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(71) Band
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(73) Kjölur
(74) Framsnið
(75) Kvarði
(76) Litaspjald